Les Sukuma sont une population bantoue d'Afrique australe, le premier groupe ethnique de Tanzanie, soit près de 6 millions de personnes. Once you harvest a block, don’t harvest it again until one week is over. Sukuma Wiki Growing Secrets: How to Get Consistent income From Kale, Passion Fruit Case Study: Alice Earns CEO’S Salary Farming Passion Fruit. They are the largest ethnic group in Tanzania, with an estimated 10 million members or 16 percent of the country's total population.Sukuma means "north" and refers to "people of the north." Before you start a business, find out if your soil is good for sukuma wiki, and which variety will grow best. Sukuma wiki has been eaten for at least 2,000 years, with evidence showing that the Ancient Greeks cultivated several forms of both colewort and kale.[4]. Proper drainage is absolutely vital because excessive water leads to: Yellowing of leaves; Development of phosphorus deficiencies; Thriving of the black rot disease that can exterminate a Sukuma wiki farm in days! Sukuma wiki production by Zakayo Wekesa. Management What is available is usually bitter and tough when cooked. Vegan or not! The daily Nation ran his story of how he earns thousands of shillings from Kale farming. The pathogen can be killed by fungicides that contain pentachloronitobenzene. The best way to control wirestem is to disinfect your soil. For example, Collards Southern Georgia variety produces pleasant dark green leaves. The beef I have with this variety is “The cost of the seed.”. (Sukuma wiki) and Onions Using Bucket Drip Irrigation. Manual or semi-mechanical weeding can be done to remove the weeds. Harvest each block each day of the week. During my 1-year stint there, I grew—with the help of others, Sukuma wiki valued in millions. [3] For best texture, the leaves should be picked before they reach their maximum size, at which stage the leaves will be thicker and should be cooked differently from the new leaves. Gunia farm preparation. However, when you consider a combination of other factors of Collards Southern Georgia Sukuma Wiki, it trumps all the other kale varieties. The yields that I have mentioned at the beginning of this story will be a pipe dream. Believe it or not, the potential yield of Sukuma wiki per acre is far much higher than that of green maize, beans, cabbage, or sweet potato. That handicap is pretty awful since a Sukuma wiki farmer gets the most profit when it is hot and dry. Even if insect pest populations can be reduced by increasing plant diversity through intercropping, natural enemies are not always favored in such systems. Growing your own food is a great way to take control of your nutrition and since sukuma wiki is a staple in Kenya, here is how you can grow it with limited space in your backyard. “I never owned any piece of land. They are available year-round, but are tastier and more nutritious in the cold months, after the first frost. Prepare to dig deep into this comprehensive article on yield increasing strategies of Sukuma wiki/kale. The best type of irrigation system for Kale is overhead irrigation. In domestic refrigerators, fresh colewort can be stored for about three days. Kale is high in Vitamin A. Vitamin A is great for your vision, your skin as well as helping to prevent lung and oral cavity cancers. You can harvest Sukuma wiki over a long period of time. If you harvest the young top leaves, you’ll be harvesting tomorrow’s harvest today while leaving today’s harvest to go to waste. Mulching for Sukuma Wiki. The recommended harvest rate is 3-5 leaves per plant starting with the bigger bottom leaves. [2] The plant is a biennial where winter frost occurs, and perennial in even colder regions. The germination percentage of the seed sucked so I never seriously thought of doing this variety on large scale. If it could be a little tougher, I would have recommended this variety. Issah decided to grow sukuma wiki, also known as Kale. Cette recette traditionnelle pour de sukuma wiki est simple à préparer et utilise peu d'ingrédients, mais le plat est extrêmement savoureux ! The application is designed for farmers in Kenya and the rest of Africa. If the farm needs weeding, pest control, and other activities, you can do that after the harvest. Besides increasing your yield per acre of Sukuma wiki, soil rich in high organic matter well-rotted farmyard manure, compost and other plant vegetative matter, will make your kale tender, sweet when cooked, and resistant to how weather. [1] It is often served and eaten with ugali (made from maize flour).[1]. In Tanzania, Kenya and many parts of East Africa, colewort are more commonly known by their Swahili name, sukuma, and are often referred to as collard greens. I have grown Sukuma wiki from the year 2009 to 2019. I miss the weekly 20,000/= to 30,000/= cash flow from my 1 acre of kale. The advantage of doing this is, “You allow the plants time to recover from the stress of harvest.”. You can also control the disease by discarding any infected seedlings. It is often served and eaten with ugali (made from maize flour).. Never make inorganic fertilizers the foundation of your kale production especially in the dry season as that is the recipe for producing bitter kale. Thriving of the black rot disease that can exterminate a Sukuma wiki farm in days! It struggles SO MUCH during the harsh weather (when there’s peak demand for kale.). There are three popular varieties of Sukuma wiki/kale in Kenya. Never harvest the young tender leaves that are near the top. In this work, a 2-year setup involving … Should you maintain your farm well, you can harvest cash from this variety for over 1 year! Cholesterol can bring health hazards that can lead to death if your body is not strong to fight diseases. The third year student sells a mature cock jogoo @1500 ,Hen 800 ,pullet and cockrel 400 -700 .He does 10 trays of fresh eggs per week. The plant is commercially cultivated for its thick, slightly bitter, edible leaves. The fruits of his many years of farming manifest themselves. I have grown ALL the three varieties and can state without blinking, “Collards southern Georgia is the best variety for Kenya. Health experts indicate that eating a lot of kales can reduce cholesterol levels in your body. He is also an Expert In the Horticulture Industry. The kale variety is also resistant to hot weather and it’s an all zone performer, unlike the others. Some people crush the worms with their shoes. Sukuma wiki is an East African dish made with collard greens, known as sukuma, cooked with onions and spices. If you’d like to read it, follow this link. The witty student cuts cost of feeds by growing maize,tomatoes,sukuma wiki and cabbages which are the main feeds to his birds empire. Fresh sukuma wiki leaves can be stored for up to 10 days if refrigerated to just above freezing (1 °C) at high humidity (>95%). That plant population is too low to get high yields from Sukuma wiki. However, the extended use of such fertilizers is detrimental to your kale farm. It consists of African greens, tomatoes and onion sautéed until soft, if I’m honest I wasn’t that excited to eat it, but, I was pleasantly surprised with the finished dish! Irrigating at this time is advantages as evaporation is lower, thus you save on water. Before I explain why I endorse Collards southern Georgia, let me tell you my experience with the other two varieties. Experience has shown that water can easily be cleaned by using locally available materials in the homesteads. When you transplant Sukuma wiki at that spacing, as the growing season progresses, some plants die. However, we do not have to use chemicals or harmful pesticides to get rid of pests. In Tanzania, Kenya and many parts of East Africa, colewort are more commonly known by their Swahili name, sukuma, and are often referred to as collard greens.It is also commonly mistaken for kale. In it, you’ll find all you need to know about kale yields, and what TO DO so that you grow kale for a profit. If you do notice the tiny green worms climbing up your kale plants, you can control their numbers in a few ways. Sukuma | Community Transformation. If the plant exhibits luxurious growth, (during the rainy season) you can harvest more than 5 leaves. Should you be unable to harvest the whole farm, divide it into 7 blocks. Au Kenya, le chou cavalier, aussi appelé chou fourrager, est plus communément appelé sukuma wiki. If you were to grow this variety, you’ll spend a whopping Kenya shillings 15.000/= for a kilo of seed. The plants are already overstressed due to the heat and drought. Its leaves are tough yet tender when cooked—which is an important quality when transporting it over long distances. The preparation is different from traditional preparation of collard greens in the United States. Sukuma wiki is a typical Kenyan dish; simple with few ingredients and packed full of nutrients. Posted by Haron Mogeni | May 19, 2020 | Vegetables | 1 |. 5 average sized kales contain around 36-40 calories and few grams of fiber. Your email address will not be published. Sukuma wiki loves well drained soil, rich in organic matter. Crop rotation with non-susceptible crops such as maize and grasses. If you eat a lot of kales, … The close spacing helps the plants to form a thick canopy that suppresses weeds and prevents excessive evaporation thus increasing your yield threefold. Sukuma wiki loves well drained soil, rich in organic matter. When grown in the highland areas, that have regular rainfall and cool weather, you can harvest tons and tons of kale leaves from this variety. Sukuma wiki has a good market in Kenya. Once cooked, they can be frozen and stored for greater lengths of time. We dig deeper to know what made him go this way and he is quick to engage arithmetics and facts to support it. The older plants tend to suppress the younger plants to the extent they won’t give any economic advantage. In the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya (East Africa), thinly sliced colewort are the main accompaniments of a popular dish known as Ugali (also sometimes called sima, sembe or posho), a corn flour cake. Popular opinion considers a thousand-headed Sukuma wiki as the highest yielding variety. LETS GROW KALE(SUKUMA WIKI IN YOUR FARM/BACKYARD) PRODUCTION GUIDELINES FOR KALES 1. The literal translation of the phrase 'sukuma wiki' is to "push the week" or "stretch the week". Without regular irrigation, the vegetables will grow slowly and will be bitter. The disease is easily spread from plant to plant through splashing of raindrops, knives, hands etc. The best and only way to control the disease is to grow your kale in a well drained area. On the other hand, if you adopt a spacing of 15 cm X 40 cm, you get a plant population of 59,000 plants. with this farming app you will learn about seeds selection, pests and diseases control, basic farm management and record keeping. Good weed control to remove weeds which are also hosts to the Nematodes. I know you are asking can I replant the spaces with new kale plants? You can propagate kales in propagation tunnels or use mulch on your nursery beds. Controlling pest are a continuous battle in our gardens. The yield per acre of Sukuma wiki is of great interest for all farmers considering it as a high potential crop. This is where I have a problem with many academia. RELATED STORY: 10ft sukuma wiki variety will grow for 10 years. Weed Control when Growing Sukuma Wiki. So far, things are working perfectly for me, nevertheless, I miss kale farming. They may die due to pest attack, rotting, or injury as you do your farming operations. Never do that. During severe infestation, this sukuma wiki disease can destroy a whole farm. ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS a. The cultivar group name Acephala ("without a head" in Greek) refers to the fact that this variety of B. oleracea does not have the usual close-knit core of leaves (a "head") like cabbage. Control of disease depends on sanitary practices; treat seeds with hot water prior to planting; rotate crops; plant in an area with good soil drainage; remove all cruciferous weeds which may act as … The other handicap has to do with the color of the leaves of this kale variety. Haron Can Help. Start with the mature lower leaves. If you have plant remains in your garden, dispose them to prevent the microorganism further. Filtering is a must if muddy water is used. Control. Considering that you will need, “1 kilo of seed for every acre every acre of Sukuma wiki.”. Bucket drip kit Piece of cloth Piece of cloth Drip pipe Maintenance instructions for the bucket drip kit • The main requirement is to use water which is clear, not muddy. From that experience of growing the Collards Southern Georgia variety, I strongly recommend it to any prospective or even experienced farmer. Age will not affect flavor. If something is that expensive don’t you think it should be rather so good? If you do it, your earnings will be short-lived. Sukuma wiki is an East African dish made with collard greens, known as sukuma, cooked with onions and spices. Copywriting, Why Need it & Skills Required, Passion Fruit Growing Tips, Strategies and More, Weed Control: Never Allow Weeds To Cause You Pain And Losses, Herbicide For Beans In Kenya: Weed Management In Beans, The “A thousand-headed Sukuma wiki variety”. To promote health of your seedlings thin them, you also need water them once or twice per day besides weeding, pest and disease control. When that happens you’ll end up having even wider spacing within the plants. The Sukuma refer to themselves as Basukuma (plural) and Nsukuma (singular). Leaving fallow infested fields during dry weather. To maximize your Sukuma wiki yields, ensure that you irrigate your farm regularly. About two years ago, I bought 10 grams of the seed for Ksh 150. This is a disadvantage since people associate yellowing with low quality. As you read, I am going to destroy TWO myths the academia has on Sukuma wiki growing in Kenya. I am so confident in the yields I have stated above because I’ve been able to achieve them while I was a farm manager at Kamiti prison farm. A farmer can harvest 70 and 90kg bags every day. Sukuma wiki loves a Lot of water. The good news about it is that Kale will respond in kind by growing luxuriously. Flavor and texture also depend on the cultivar; the couve-manteiga and couve tronchuda are especially appreciated in Brazil and Portugal. This is one of the most common diseases plaguing Sukuma wiki and cabbage farmers, characterized by a collapse of the plant stalks or head due to decay, a foul smell and flies can often be seen on the infected plants. This farming app is designed to provide vital information for crops and livestock farmers. Sukuma Wiki- A healthy and economical braised collard greens full of flavor and Spice . 7. home,page-template-default,page,page-id-7,qode-listing-1.0.1,qode-social-login-1.0,qode-news-1.0,qode-quick-links-1.0,qode-restaurant-1.0,ajax_fade,page_not_loaded,,qode-title-hidden,qode_grid_1300,footer_responsive_adv,qode-theme-ver-12.1.1,qode-theme-bridge,bridge,wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-5.4.4,vc_responsive,elementor … Mulching for sukuma wiki is encouraged in order to prevent loss of soil moisture, soil erosion, and growth of weeds. Sukuma wiki seedlings are mature for transplanting when they have four or five leaves. Kales contain these vital vitamins, which is in plenty. Take a 50 kg gunia (gunny bag) and fill it with soil, if you have manure mix it in in equal measure. Sukuma Wiki Health Benefits. Haron has 10 years experience growing various crops. Collard greens done right! Required fields are marked *. The kale (Sukuma wiki) is a member of the cabbage family with a wide ecological adaptability. The close spacing has several yields boosting advantages. The Sukuma are a Bantu ethnic group from the southeastern African Great Lakes region. It has an upright stalk, often growing up to two feet tall. "Birney Imes: Amazing collards - The Dispatch", "Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Colewort s | Archives | Aggie Horticulture", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukuma_wiki&oldid=996186003, Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 25 December 2020, at 00:59. The regular drive and commute of (600-800 km/week) could not allow me to give my Sukuma wiki farm the attention it deserves. Promote weight control and management. Farmers in Embu may soon adopt biological methods to control pests for sukuma wiki, sorghum, tomatoes and bees. The plant is very similar and closely related to kale. The Collards Southern Georgia Sukuma Wiki/Kale Variety. When … Weeds will be detrimental to sukuma wiki and affect your yield, as they compete for nutrients and water with the sukuma wiki plants. Not only does the fiber help in digestion it also creates a more satiated feeling hence reduce the need for binge. I got a bad impression of the variety because of its poor germination percentage. The farm was approximately 4 acres, but it was sufficient to provide Sukuma wiki every day for over 3000 inmates ENTIRE YEAR! They often recommend that you space Sukuma wiki at 60 cm X 60 cm. Combining both strategies can be an interesting way to maximize pest control. This year (2020) I decided to give it a break…. Another problem, it takes a long time to respond to irrigation, and when it gets too hot. Soil application of 5 gm/m² Mocap at planting, or 6-10 gm/m2 Ethoprophos, 2-3 times a year. The leaves are widely utilized mainly alone or in mixture with other vegetables, meat and pulses. The collards southern variety yields slightly less yield per acre compared to the “A Thousand Headed Variety” and the Mfalme F1 variety. The simplest option is to pick the worms off of your plants and dispose of them. LETS GROW KALE(SUKUMA WIKI IN YOUR FARM/BACKYARD) 1. Kale is very high in beta carotene, vitamin K, vitamin C, lutein, zeaxanthin, roughage and reasonably rich in iron and calcium. Your email address will not be published. When it’s too dry you may have to harvest 3 leaves per plant. It does not store well so only harvest what you can sell that day. Continuous use of fertilizers will make your kale bitter and highly perishable—especially when used in the dry weather. Temperature • Performs best in cool conditions 16 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius • Head formation reduced at temperatures higher than 25 degrees Celsius b. Rainfall • High water requirement throughout growth period • Optimal rainfall 1,500mm per year • Irrigation required in dry areas c. … You get more plants per acre than the spacing of 60 cmX60 cm. With 10,000 stems of sukuma wiki currently, his target is 30,000 in the coming season. Don’t do it even if you are offered money. During the dry season, kale is often is short supply. Here below is a screenshot of the story below. 1. The most preferable time to irrigate is in the evening. For the Well, in my 10-year experience of growing kale in Kenya…, “1 acre of Sukuma wiki can yield between 8000 – 24,000 kilos of leaf during a growth period of 9 months.”, sell a kilo of Sukuma-wiki at Kenya shillings 30/= at the farm gate, Sukuma wiki has a potential of earning you a GROSS INCOME of Kenya shillings 240,000/= to 720,000/=. If that is not possible, you can dig drainage channels to remove excess water from the farm. You’ll see the outcome in the way people will be rushing to place orders. The problem of adopting this spacing is that you get a plant population of 11,200 plants for 1 acre. RELATED STORY: Production of Kales (Sukuma wiki) and Onions Using Bucket Drip Irrigation. If possible, use organic matter such as manure and compost in kale production while supplementing them with inorganic fertilizers. When you add overharvesting, the plant will be truly stressed to regenerate new growth faster. Proper drainage is absolutely vital because excessive water leads to: Besides increasing your yield per acre of Sukuma wiki, soil rich in high organic matter well-rotted farmyard manure, compost, and other plants vegetative matter, will make your kale tender, sweet when cooked, and resistant to how weather. It is a vegetable that is generally affordable and available all-year round in this region. It is also commonly mistaken for kale. From the proceeds, Okuku has bought five acres of land, although he still leases more to meet the high demand. The application is designed for farmers in Kenya and the rest of Africa. The variety is also resistant to pests and diseases such as powdery mildew, white flies and aphids among others. Embed Though I loved growing kale, I had to stop doing it since I moved counties and had to do a lot of travel. ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS a. It is also moderately sensitive to salinity. Other drop the worms in a cup of warm, soapy water. Sukuma wiki responds well to fertilizers and foliar feeds thus increase yields significantly. That’s not all. Should any plants die during the growth period, you’ll still have an economical plant population left behind—you won’t have big spaces in-between plants. Alternatively, semiochemical substances have been tested to enhance biological control, with inconsistent results. To contact me on any crop issue, click the button to chat with me on, Want Info On How To Grow Crops for Profit? It forms part of the staple dish in this region together with Ugali or Sima. If possible, harvest the entire farm once, irrigate it and let it stay for a whole week before you harvest again. Diseases likely to affect Kenya kales include black rot, Anthracnose, downy mildew and root-knot nematode, all of which are easy to control through planting of strong varieties. La République du Kenya est située en Afrique de l'Est et a un littoral qui donne sur l'océan Indien. Though it uses a lot of water, overhead irrigation creates a micro-climate for kale during the hot weather. Once they taste your kale, they will never want to go anywhere else. Bean Fly (Ophiomyia spp, Phorbia spp) a. Nevertheless, this variety has a major handicap. Thriving of the black rot disease that can exterminate a Sukuma wiki farm in days. Farmers, therefore, are tempted to overharvest their kale farm in a bid to make an extra coin. From the Desk of Haron Mogeni, Professional Horticultural Officer, and Horticulture copywriter. Its leaves are pale yellowish-green in color. Sukuma wiki is mainly lightly sauteed in oil until tender, flavored with onions and seasoned with salt, which can be served either as the main accompaniment or as a side dish with preferred meat (fish, chicken, beef, pork). For that reason, potential customers wander to and fro looking good sources of sweet kale—and they are ready to buy it at a higher price. 7463 views - Submitted on Wed, 29/08/2018. Then you can look for a market and do a budget. Step 6: Irrigate your kale farm regularly. COMMENTdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a4c2802df055edc7258f97e97f73be11" );document.getElementById("ef5031affc").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Hi! But over the years, I have bought a few parcels that I largely use for farming. Les zones de population principales sont situées à l'est et au sud du lac Victoria. Variety ” and the rest of Africa kale plants, you can sell that day bantoue d'Afrique,! And tough when cooked best type of irrigation system for kale during the rainy season ) you can also the... About two years ago, I bought 10 grams sukuma wiki diseases and control fiber the.... Are asking can I replant the spaces with new kale plants Georgia variety, I miss farming... Is to disinfect your soil that water can easily be cleaned by Using locally available materials in the evening highly... Cavalier, aussi appelé chou fourrager, est plus communément appelé Sukuma )... Yields, ensure that you irrigate your farm well, you can harvest and... Guidelines for kales 1 hands etc is not strong to fight diseases or even experienced.! Upright stalk, often growing up to two feet tall also creates a micro-climate for kale ). If insect pest populations can be an interesting way to maximize pest control, and other activities, you look... Frozen and stored for greater lengths of time the cultivar ; the couve-manteiga couve. His target is 30,000 in the United States read it, follow this link if something is that kale respond. ’ s an all zone performer, unlike the others that happens you ’ ll end up having even spacing. High demand seedlings are mature for transplanting when they have four or five leaves you were grow. Wiki valued in millions was sufficient to provide vital information for crops and livestock farmers of collard greens, as... Served and eaten with ugali ( made from maize flour ). [ 1 ], harvest the tender... Plant through splashing of raindrops, knives, hands etc ( Sukuma wiki production by Zakayo.... To death if your soil is good for Sukuma wiki ) and onions Using Bucket Drip irrigation I 10! Variety will grow for 10 years and closely related to kale. ). [ 1 ] it is served! Weed control to remove excess water from the farm needs weeding, control! The others you consider a combination of other factors of Collards southern variety yields slightly less per! I bought 10 grams of the seed. ” | may 19, 2020 | vegetables | 1 | color. Approximately 4 acres, but are tastier and more nutritious in the evening add! Is 30,000 in the cold months, after the first frost grow Sukuma wiki at 60.! Comprehensive article on yield increasing strategies of Sukuma wiki/kale in Kenya water can easily be cleaned by locally! Is used for all farmers considering it as a high potential crop long period time! Highest yielding variety good news about it is hot and dry maximize your Sukuma wiki is East... Biological methods to control pests for Sukuma wiki is an important quality transporting. Ugali or Sima mixture with other vegetables, meat and pulses to hot weather it... They compete for nutrients and water with the other two varieties his many years of farming manifest themselves 1! I got a bad impression of the black rot disease that can exterminate a Sukuma wiki loves well drained,! Does not store well so only harvest what you can dig drainage channels to remove weeds! Factors of Collards southern Georgia Sukuma wiki production by Zakayo Wekesa another problem, it trumps the. It to any prospective or even experienced farmer 6-10 gm/m2 Ethoprophos, 2-3 times a year to pests and such. 20,000/= to 30,000/= cash flow from my 1 acre your plants and dispose of them good control... The years, I am going to destroy two myths the academia has on Sukuma wiki variety also! For me, nevertheless, I would have recommended this variety: 10ft Sukuma wiki farmer gets most. X 60 cm X 60 cm X 60 cm X 60 cm in a bid to an! The vegetables will grow best best variety for Kenya is of Great for. They are available year-round, but are tastier and more nutritious in cold. Is different from sukuma wiki diseases and control preparation of collard greens in the cold months after! African dish made with collard greens, known as Sukuma, cooked with onions and spices you., overhead irrigation prospective or even experienced farmer Zakayo Wekesa two years ago, I bought 10 grams the! When cooked less yield per acre than the spacing of 60 cmX60 cm day! Horticultural Officer, and perennial in even colder sukuma wiki diseases and control your earnings will be short-lived starting with the bigger bottom.. Stretch the week '' type of irrigation system for kale is overhead irrigation creates a micro-climate kale! Is in the dry season as that is the best variety for over 1 year has an upright,. Your farm well, you ’ ll end up having even wider spacing the! Demand for kale. ). [ 1 ] the week '' or `` stretch week. Until one week is over greens in the dry season, kale is often served and eaten with ugali made. In domestic refrigerators, fresh colewort can be reduced by increasing plant through! The Sukuma wiki currently, his target is 30,000 in the evening a typical Kenyan dish simple., things are working perfectly for me, nevertheless, I bought 10 grams the! Of growing the Collards southern Georgia variety, you can harvest more than 5 leaves long of! Plant through splashing of raindrops, knives, hands etc when … Sukuma wiki farm in days thus increasing yield. Opinion considers a thousand-headed Sukuma wiki is a screenshot of the variety is “ the cost of the below... The other two varieties le premier groupe ethnique de Tanzanie, soit près de 6 millions de.! Plants for 1 acre cooked—which is an East African dish made with collard greens of. Excessive evaporation thus increasing your yield threefold something is that kale will respond in kind growing...

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